The flight data recorder, often referred to as a black box, is an electronic recording device that may be implemented within an aircraft for the means of registering flight pertinent data that is used to investigate accidents and incidents. Modern flight recording systems actually consist of two separate devices, those of which are the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR). Both of these instruments record different parameters, and they have both seen significant improvements over the years for their capabilities and design. As flight recording devices are paramount for increasing the safety of aircraft to prevent future accidents, understanding their functionality and use is crucial.

Aircraft towing is a standard procedure for moving a plane on the ground, and it is commonly used to transport aircraft to and from gates, hangers, and around the flight line. There are multiple benefits for towing an aircraft, ranging from fuel savings to increased safety as towing crews may have better visuals around an airport to avoid collisions. Towing requires special equipment to ensure safety and reliability, and the equipment used will often depend upon the size of the aircraft, its landing gear, and other characteristics.

Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that enables efficient retrieval of data from the computer’s memory. Cache memory acts as a temporary storage area that the processor can easily retrieve data from. This temporary storage area is known as the cache and is more easily-accessible than DRAM memory - the computer’s main memory source. Cache memory is sometimes called CPU memory as it is typically integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip with an independent bus interconnect with the CPU. This means cache memory is physically closer to the processor, making it more accessible to the processor and increasing efficiency.

While aircraft refueling and defueling is a standard process carried out for aircraft of all types, such procedures are not without their hazards. With the various methods of fueling aircraft, the presence of fuel and vapors always presents a fire hazard in the case of ignition, and pressure refueling also can lead to a risk of explosion. Due to the various risks associated with such procedures, personnel should always be aware of possible dangers and how to best avoid them through safety procedures and proper equipment handling.

The fuel system is paramount to the operation of an aircraft, allowing it to efficiently mix and combust fuel-and-air mixtures for propulsion generation. With the constant ignition of fuel and the resulting extreme temperatures and pressures that the system faces, regular inspection and maintenance should be conducted to maintain integrity and optimal operations. From standard visual examinations to testing systems, there are various procedures that are carried out to ensure the continued health of the aircraft fuel system.